MODEL EKONOMI DIGITAL BERBASIS DATA: PERAN MODAL MANUSIA DALAM MEMPERKUAT KETAHANAN EKONOMI NASIONAL

Abstract

Indonesia faces significant challenges in strengthening national economic resilience amid rapid digital transformation. While Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) serve as the backbone of the economy, their ability to adapt and remain competitive is increasingly determined by the quality of human capital, particularly in terms of digital skills, knowledge, innovation capacity, and adaptive capability. This study aims to develop and empirically validate a data-driven digital economy model by positioning human capital as a central driver in strengthening national economic resilience. A mixed methods approach was employed. Quantitative data were collected from 300 digital MSMEs and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). This was complemented by qualitative insights derived from in-depth interviews with key stakeholders to provide contextual understanding. The findings reveal that human capital plays a critical mediating role in the relationship between digital infrastructure, inclusive finance, and the national innovation ecosystem in shaping national economic resilience. Human capital significantly influences the national innovation ecosystem (β = 0.592, p < 0.001), inclusive finance (β = 0.819, p < 0.001), and directly contributes to national economic resilience (β = 0.333, p < 0.001). In addition, indirect effects confirm that digital infrastructure enhances economic resilience primarily through the development of human capital. This study confirms that human capital is a key determinant in transforming digital potential into sustainable economic outcomes. Strengthening human capital through continuous learning, digital training, and adaptive capability development is essential to achieving inclusive and resilient economic growth.